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标题: 煤质颗粒活性炭的制造原料、预处理及成型技术(2) [打印本页]

作者: jzhx928    时间: 2009-6-29 23:52
标题: 煤质颗粒活性炭的制造原料、预处理及成型技术(2)
2 原煤的预处理及最新应用方法
: g5 `7 S5 l, N2 a, T2.1 原煤的预处理方法8 h& K4 t0 P) X, X
上述所有原煤煤种,当用作活性炭的制造原料时,一般都需经过拣选(去矸石)、破碎、磨粉(一般均要求细度为97%以上可通过180目或200目标准分样筛)等工序,对某些高灰分(外在灰分)的原煤还需进行重液洗煤或泡沫浮选以降低灰分,当采用褐煤和泥炭做原料时,还需进行酸碱浸提腐殖酸、预先烘干甚至低温焦化后才能使用。
" r8 B7 U. w- G7 L1 l若采用适宜的煤种制造直接破碎活性炭,原煤仅经过拣选和破碎、筛选即可进入后继工序,这种制造技术目前的研究热点是预先氧化技术(将在后文中详细叙述)和最佳的粒度等级研究,对于后者,目前的研究结果是粒度过小或过大均不利于炭化尤其是活化过程的顺利进行;当采用斯特克一体化炭活化炉生产时研究者倾向于以25~40㎜做为最佳粒度控制范围;当采用斯列普活化炉时倾向于以4~10㎜为最佳范围。3 W! O: L* Y0 {: z% C7 u
2.2 最新应用方法――配煤法制造专用活性炭产品8 x% |8 T" Z+ b
在前文中已经提到,尽管我国的煤炭种类非常丰富,但许多煤种都不能用来单独制造活性炭产品,原因是获得的试样的综合性能不能达到商用炭的基本要求。
- q; _3 H8 |! w1 l. O8 R0 i    随着国际活性炭产业的技术进步,现在已逐步认识到活性炭的孔隙结构和表面性能才是决定其吸附性能,进而决定其应用性能的关键因素。限于国情,我国的活性炭行业目前尚未建立起炭的表面性能的评价系统及评价方法,但对活性炭孔隙结构的表征已相对成熟了,也逐渐搞清了孔径分布与常规性能指标之间的对应关系,例如:直径0.6~6nm的孔隙是四氯化碳的有效吸附孔,直径0.56~5nm的孔隙能有效吸附碘,直径1.09~10nm的孔隙对亚甲兰分子有效,等等。这样就为专用型活性炭产品的开发提供了一种思路,即:可以利用各种原料对最终活性炭孔分布的贡献规律,调整原料和种类和配比,有目标地设计活性炭的孔隙结构,使其对某一种吸附质产生“特效吸附”。
& L- Z6 b0 I1 g6 j+ b/ i% V    总体来看,随着原煤煤化程度的加深(即成煤年代的久远),原煤的原始孔隙结构中,大中孔率呈递减趋势,微孔则呈递增趋势,相应地,最终活性炭的孔隙分布特征亦会呈同一变化趋势。通过向某一主要煤种原料中添加其它种类的原煤,在理论上就可以获得符合预期孔分布特征的活性炭产品,即:采用最简单的“配煤法”来调整最终活性炭的孔隙结构。
7 a- p' d! W& O. O    值得特别提出的,不是任意两种原煤都可以随意掺混的,还需考虑到原煤的其它性能,以及需要考虑最终活性炭的综合性能尤其是机械物理性能。这就好比开中药,与不能随意进行中药配伍的道理相同。
! A& O' l7 p. [- T    例如:采用无烟煤和褐煤这两种都不具备粘结性的煤种作原料时,即便添加了大量的粘合剂,最终制品的机械耐磨强度亦是很低的,因为两者的煤化程度差异太大了,不会产生足够的“连接力”。如果从强粘结性的烟煤煤种(如气煤、肥煤、焦煤、瘦煤)中选择一种做“桥煤”,由这三种煤制成的最终制品的综合性能即会明显改善。
4 j! A7 a# T" g: T: @2 m& \, P    同样地,选择两种均具有强粘结性的原煤来生产活性炭,也是不适当的,会造成炭化过程困难。
# D9 c' T3 ~* L: F) R+ P- ?- i    所以,虽然有了“孔结构设计”思路,还必须遵循一定的规律,经过大量的实验室研究工作才能将这种思路转化成可以触摸到的、有经济效益的活性炭产品。
1 e$ c4 n0 k* U    另外,在配煤法制造专用炭产品的研究中,粘合剂的选择亦是极为重要的,长期研究结果表明,不论是煤系、植物系还是石油系粘合剂,它们在活性炭的制造过程中都绝不是惰性成分,也会在很大程度上影响到最终产品的孔结构,表面性能,甚至宏观应用性能。- j$ S9 C. T! D, Q; e0 B
3 煤质活性炭制造常用的成型粘合剂原料
2 r" N; t. {/ S: {3.1 煤焦油
2 m7 @& b! K  R6 u% ?+ D6 A# o& f煤焦油是柱状成型活性炭生产的常用粘合剂,因其与煤炭的同源性,可对煤粉进行充分浸润,使成型料质地均匀,在后继的加工过程(如氧化、炭化、活化)中机械性能优良,可加工性能优越,被用作大多数柱状活性炭生产企业的必备原料。0 ]" R6 o. A3 q% ^% ?
煤焦油是煤炭干馏产品之一,根据干馏温度的不同,煤焦油可分为低温、中温和高温煤焦油三类,活性炭行业常选用高温煤焦油做粘合剂。高温煤焦油是煤炭在900~1050℃干馏(焦化)过程中,因挥发分逸出和裂解反应产生的焦炉煤气(荒煤气)经冷凝冷却后得到的液态产物,含数千种化合物,可经分馏得到轻油、酚油、萘油、洗油、蒽油等馏份与沥青,从馏份中可提取酚、萘、蒽、菲等重要化工原料。焦油中的沥青质是活性炭制造的有效粘合成分。4 x, G; y; f) T: P* P
高温煤焦油应符合“GB3701-83高温煤焦油质量标准”规定:5 D8 `9 y0 G% o& k
指标名称                      一级品           二级品
9 h, e3 ^! q- e5 k) x密度(P20),g/mL             1.15~1.21         1.13~1.220 p/ a* m/ f+ r0 X+ s7 |% b
甲苯不溶物(无水基),%     3.5~7.0            ≤10.0; T: p' \- u* F5 \( Q( v% A
灰分,%                      ≤0.13            ≤0.13* Z( Z, q- m. u7 U, k; O
水分,%                      ≤4.0             ≤4.0$ t2 ?8 B/ ], f/ Z) m' J
粘度(E80)                   ≤5.0              —
4 a- M' m# ?# r$ Z# Q游离碳含量(无水基),%        ≤7.0              —
7 I6 d5 B3 S; A. L9 [煤质活性炭制造企业常采用蒸馏法判定煤焦油的质量是否符合制造要求,分别测定<176℃、176~216℃、216~266℃和266~356℃各馏程的馏份(分别对应于水分、轻油、重油和蒽油),356℃时的蒸馏残余物为沥青质。活性炭制造要求有效成分沥青质含量应不少于55%,蒽油含量应不高于10%。
0 [: J, S1 u$ k' O# Z7 ?; |若焦油沥青质含量>60%时,应选用防腐油、重油或绿油做稀释剂予以稀释,且稀释剂应符合相应的标准规定:5 s. I* V) n2 ?6 E3 w
A、稀释用工业防腐油质量标准(YB296-64)" K* v! J" ^- N2 G' V( P4 n
指标项目                       规定值2 g5 R( U- p; Z/ b( u3 r" O5 Y" E8 p
比重(D420),g/mL               ≥1.06                   
# ]4 O; }& ~. ~; j' v苯不溶物,%                     ≤0.3# q; \# _$ c3 L# M( ~: \% n4 E% U' E
水分,%                         ≤1.5& V+ {" B6 E0 ?: c" K& Y) {) X
粘度(E50)                       ≤1.7
' V7 X1 l* a* H: P馏程:210℃前馏份,%            ≤5
2 s4 X2 I9 i- g, Q6 F2 r235℃前馏份,%            ≤10
+ ?' \0 d3 D$ ]1 M; c' w          360℃前馏份,%            ≥75
8 v5 z- e. V; |6 x! hB、稀释用工业重油质量标准(YB1091-60)& X4 c+ m" T: w& C8 ?- P/ b
指标项目                       规定值) ?5 Q" k! z4 T  T
闪点(开口),℃                 100  3 C* h) g9 ?' Y# J' l
粘度(E80)                       ≤11.0                 - n$ M  N7 i* \3 z1 m+ d6 w! A4 Q
水分,%                         ≤1.52 c; P  i6 I" Y  ?$ G4 n7 {
凝点,℃                       ≤207 U+ K2 X7 b0 U7 G8 C
馏程:                         不规定,需测定$ \% K. Y; r0 N+ ?9 O# q* }
C、稀释用工业绿油质量规定
! V* ~; ^# U' A指标项目                       规定值- A. B! G4 f* [' P# D
闪点,℃                       ≤55 
5 w- b- K- u" y  s灰分,%                       ≤0.1                 
. }2 M( T$ f5 L: e) o/ x水分,%                         ≤3$ K# [3 u' @! U7 |+ @
馏程:                         不规定,需测定
" h: f# U' M7 K: h& t& u若煤焦油沥青含量<50%时,应选择固体沥青粉做调整剂,加入适量沥青粉后加热搅拌使溶解均匀,然后使用。! d  J  l$ I+ Z" h
一般地,运至活性炭厂的煤焦油应贮存到焦油贮槽中,并用蒸汽盘管间接加热,使其在40~80℃条件下陈化4~6天以排出过量水分并促使部分成分发生交联、聚合反应,调整其粘度和流动性。然后用泵输送至生产现场的调质槽中,加稀释剂或沥青粉,搅拌、加热至符合沥青含量要求和温度要求(≥80℃)后,才允许进入混合成型工序使用。
. z$ s4 j% }* M0 z) L3.2  煤沥青1 R/ L. c* ]/ H% l) @
煤沥青分为中温、高温和改质高温煤沥青三种,其软化点依次递增。活性炭制造行业多采用改质煤沥青,因其软化点高,硬度和可磨性适宜,可与原煤混合制粉,一般用来生产压块、压片、压丸等干粉辊压成型活性炭产品。在柱状或球形活性炭生产过程中,有时需使用少量中温或高温煤沥青做沥青含量调节剂,来调整煤焦油的性能。3 W1 u" m. q4 x6 Z: ~; ]+ o
煤焦油经加热静置初步脱水、加碳酸钠脱铵盐预处理后进入管式炉的对流段和一段蒸发器深度脱水,然后于连续式焦油蒸馏装置中依次蒸馏出轻油、酚油、萘油、洗油、蒽油等馏分,塔釜中的残液为沥青,凝固后即为中温煤沥青(软化点70~90℃);中温煤沥青经空气吹制、高温氧化后可获得高温煤沥青(软化点130℃以上);采用适当配比的中温沥青、脱晶蒽油和焦油轻油调制成软沥青,将软沥青预热到135℃,换热后升温至310℃,进入管式炉的对流段进一步预热,然后转入辐射段,同时注入压力为30kgf/cm2的直接水蒸汽,使温度达到490℃并保持良好的流动性,将得到的高温混相流体导入焦化塔底部,于460℃,3kgf/cm2操作条件下进行延迟焦化,排出焦化轻油、焦化重油及煤气后,于塔釜中得到改质高温煤沥青(又称延迟焦,其软化点可达150~180℃以上)【1】。
: O9 j" t/ x+ U8 Z7 E改质煤沥青应符合相应的标准规定。改质煤沥青质量标准(YB/T5194-93):6 U; L  r* S# h! w! `
指标项目             一级品             二级品
) P8 S0 H+ I5 u0 p) P) L1 M: H& n& {% y软化点(环球法),℃       100~115            100~120  y8 E! G, X! ?0 Q. t
甲苯不溶物(抽提法),%     28~34              ﹥26
" {5 K  W5 J& H3 j% W喹啉不溶物,%          8~14              6~15' H# O4 Y5 P1 n
β-树脂含量,%                  ≥18                              ≥168 [) u% Z% p  [9 d+ X( Z
结焦值,%                       ≥54                              ≥50
' f) V/ z+ y! g# @3 c灰分,%                         ≤0.3                             ≤0.3
5 t; t9 r. Z  {- Q$ s4 m) ~  F水分,%                         ≤5                               ≤5  n& ]! c  `# U; j/ E
3.3 石油沥青
; {* _  D+ }3 Q9 S* P6 Q6 w" E$ c欧美国家很早以前即有过将石油沥青用作煤质压块活性炭的煤粉粘合剂的报道【2】【3】,但关于所选石油沥青的技术指标问题,至今都未拿到完整的资料,仅知道采用的是一种经过调质后的高软化点石油沥青材料。
4 N$ C; X. z9 H% K$ V从国内生产的石油沥青的试制情况看,由于石油沥青来源于水生动物,而煤炭来源于陆生植物,二者的相容性不佳,虽然选用高软化点的裂解石油沥青焦粉或延迟石油沥青针状焦粉与煤粉可以制得高强度的压块型料,但在后继的热处理过程(氧化或炭化)中因这种差的相容性会导致严重脱粉及强度达不到实用性要求。
! g8 S% F( }; u/ H/ x: C! R更多地,石油沥青及其进一步的焦化产物被用作柱状活性炭的调节性固体原料或主原料,而不是用作粘合剂【4】【5】【6】,或是用作活性炭纤维的制造原料。
* X/ p( |' R7 X2 k3.4 工业淀粉
& t0 u! q( F/ P$ Q. J2 s工业淀粉被用作煤质活性炭的制造原料更大程度上是一种无奈的选择,对于我国南方的少量煤质活性炭制造企业,由于没有足够的高温煤焦油或改质煤沥青的来源,需要生产成型活性炭时,尝试使用工业淀粉或加水调制成的淀粉糊作粘合剂,虽然通常制成的成型炭强度仅有75~85%,且热处理时伴随有较严重的脱粉现象,但聊胜于无,且产品亦有一定的应用。近年来北方地区因煤焦油供应紧张且价格剧烈上扬,部分活性炭制造企业也正在尝试用淀粉及其改性产物(如化学糊精增强型淀粉)作替代品来生产柱状活性炭。. b6 w) l; g5 n, u0 ?8 y' R% C7 i
3.5 工业废液
" c3 j* K8 G! C/ |& c被用作煤质活性炭制造过程粘合剂的工业废液有亚硫酸纸浆废液【7】、糖蜜废液【8】等,多用作煤质球形活性炭的造球工序粘合剂,亦有少量用于柱状炭生产的实践。, @9 J- l5 f7 i1 N6 M( f! r# D2 I
3.6 木焦油! D2 L  A( _. c$ `# Q
当采用泥煤、褐煤为原料制造柱状成型活性炭时,使用经脱水、浅度脱木醋酸后的木焦油作粘合剂要比使用高温煤焦油更为有利,可以较好地获得具“开放型”大中孔隙结构的炭产品。
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作者: ort2581052    时间: 2011-3-1 10:42
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作者: jinghsc12    时间: 2011-6-3 17:06
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作者: yywoyjee    时间: 2011-6-9 10:19
这里的歌声别样红。
作者: Aliis20493    时间: 2011-6-17 00:42
WASHINGTON January 26 , is Suqian City Second People's Hospital to take care of the mother's brother, Li Jun,nike mercurial vapor prezzi, Li Yang, suddenly received a phone call , said Li Yang family had been stolen. Li Yang is busy Jun hastened to his brother called the police . In Li Yang family , after a detailed police investigation,mercurial vapor, crime scene without leaving any clues , either picking a lock or climb the suspect did not leave traces , but when Li Yang opened the door only to find on the home Ten thousand yuan in cash was missing. / p" Z) ]* t, E5 U7 H4 [$ B

4 D# e3 B3 q" n8 u0 ^! q, T to police doubt that neither Li Yang, lock the house was damaged and no skid marks , then, Li Yang, a home exactly how million in cash missing from it? Li Jun, Li Yang 's younger brother and how do you know Li Yang family is stolen it? After further review of civilian police ,nike mercurial vapor offerte, Li Jun, Li Yang 's younger brother finally truthful account of the crimes. January 23 , Li Yang, Li Jun and his brother lived with favorable conditions for a yard , not at home to take advantage of the opportunity to Li Yang , Li Yang, entered the room trying to steal . ( text in both parties a pseudonym) ( Xu Yuanyuan Wang Hsiu- peak )
作者: joia    时间: 2011-6-20 12:09
谢谢楼主分享、学习了。Industrial starch manufacturing activated carbon from coal is used as raw material to a greater extent is a choice selection for a small amount of activated carbon from coal in southern China's manufacturing enterprises, due to insufficient high temperature coal tar or coal tar pitch modification of the source need to produce forming activated, [jordans 2011 try to use industrial starch or water into the starch paste for modulating adhesive, although usually made of molded carbon intensity of only 75 to 85%, and the more severe heat treatment is accompanied by the phenomenon of de-powder, but better than nothing, and products also have a certain application. In recent years, air jordan 2010 the northern area due to tight supply of coal tar and sharp rise in prices, some activated carbon manufacturing companies are trying to use its modified starch products (such as chemical enhanced starch dextrin) as alternatives to produce columnar activated carbon.3 j. F8 \# k6 I5 }' P& S4 N

作者: erthrncx    时间: 2011-6-28 11:15
parents sued Kunming, Hunan three relief stations claim 29 million yuan
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7 H2 }- R7 X& A$ A# _: h 16-year-old Shigeo Chen stove deaf children living in Kunming, the result has been treated as Chen's family that the kitchen and removed the child's disappearance Chen stoves has a direct relationship between the three aid stations, so the court will be three aid stations. Recently, the Kunming Intermediate People's Court carried out the second trial of the case.  4 l! D1 b$ B; n' M* m
1 Chen stove two years old when his father sent to Kunming. December 5, 2000, Chen lesions identified after the theft accused sent to police station.  
) X6 Y, T1 j3 o( h$ U7 l deaf children is Zhaotong Shigeo Chen stove, because financial difficulties, whose parents are divorced, his father two years old that year he was sent to Kunming, foster care with relatives. At 12:00 on December 5,christian louboutin chaussures, 2000 or so, at the age of 16-year-old Chen kitchen markets in the small dam was to identify theft, after being seized and turned over to the police station. As the kitchen is deaf Chen, who has no documents, the police could not learn his identity and address, it will be him as the . , Chen stove has been sent to Kunming rescue shelter rescue shelter Huaihua, Huaihua help stations in turn sent to the Hunan Xupu relief stations.  ! F1 P7 a- ?1 }3 i6 j2 l; d, y
as Mr stove is deaf, can not determine the identity and home address details, December 14, 2000, Hunan, Chen stoves distributed to relief stations Xupu 30 dollars, let him return home, But until today did not go home kitchen Chen. March 2006, then according to the provisions of the court to declare Chen stove death.  : i. F: {6 j1 f  r7 m: _
2 would be Chen stove police as a  9 v) l8 l& j/ t& k: Q& J
2006 August, Chen stove that the child's death the family Guandu Kunming Public Security Bureau and administrative misconduct, the Public Security Bureau Guandu court to require compensation for the loss Guandu Branch 280 000 yuan. After the trial court confirmed Guandu Branch Chen lesions asylum act is an offense and sentenced to Guandu Branch compensate the families of more than 70,000 yuan Chen stove. After Chen's family and attorney kitchen division Hongyuan that the three aid stations did not do a reasonable review of obligations, they do not figure out the true identity of the stove Chen case, he will be sent to Hunan, which led to Chen stove missing the main reason. Chen family in turn Kunming rescue shelter,louboutin pas cher, rescue shelter Huaihua, Hunan Xupu relief stations to court, asked the three defendants for damages more than 290,louboutin chaussures,000 yuan.  : K4 ]& o) \# ^
's Court: rescue shelter is illegal, three aid stations were required to compensate 98,000 yuan. Relief stations to appeal against first instance decision. Recently, the Kunming Intermediate People's Court after hearing more than two hours after the second trial, the court announced that select a sentencing date.  " {( F8 {+ h3 d. G( ]* b3 M
3 Huaihua Chen received the relief stations in the kitchen and then sent to the Hunan Xupu its relief stations.  ; C' m2 d+ N/ a- w( w
4 2000 年 12 14, issued to Chen Hunan Xupu stove 30 yuan relief stations allowed themselves after returning home. March 2006, the Court declared Chen stove death.  
* m$ c  ]0 ]/ P( H this regard, the rescue shelter does not endorse, Kunming rescue shelter that the specific administrative act made deportation is Guandu Public Security Bureau, they are based on this decision and sent Chen to receive lesions.  / r1 A- B. V% ]9 J- Z6 i
Kunming, Liu said the attorney rescue shelter, relief stations have done to a reasonable review of obligations. Liu introduced Kunming Chen received the relief stations in the kitchen, the kitchen is a deaf-mute children as Chen,chaussures louboutin, so do not know his true identity and home address, the original branch of the police Guandu kitchen from Chen's pocket to find a note that read, Chen asked the rescue shelter kitchen home address, Chen wrote Hunan Longlin County stove, so Kunming relief stations in accordance with concentrated nearby, their counterparts in the principle of repatriation will be sent to the Huaihua Chen stove relief stations, in the process , they have done to a reasonable review of obligations.  
) s* e8 B: e. W/ x. U In addition, they believe that although the declaration of death and natural death of the same legal effect, but there are differences between the two.
作者: op4j6i2046    时间: 2011-8-22 20:13
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: sybcdzijin    时间: 2011-9-1 18:36
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成都安华卫浴开业大团购 全场超低特价 398元马桶疯狂抢购" ~7 m' Z# X$ B5 Y1 J) k$ k1 W
【活动时间】911
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